1, blank.bmp
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is measured while the subject is asleep."
"F"
"BMR must be measured while the subject is awake, but completely at rest, because some people show an increase in metabolic rate while asleep, and others a decrease."
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is measured with the subject completely at rest but awake."
"T"
"BMR must be measured while the subject is awake, but completely at rest, because some people show an increase in metabolic rate while asleep, and others a decrease." 
2, blank.bmp
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) can be determined by measuring oxygen consumption."
"T"
"There is a constant 20 kJ energy expenditure per L of oxygen consumed, regardless of the fuel being oxidized, so measurement of oxygen consumption provides an indirect measurement of energy expenditure. If the subject is completely at rest, and the experiment is conducted under standardized conditions, then what is measured is BMR."
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) can be determined by measuring the heat output from the body."
"T"
"Energy expenditure can indeed be measured directly, as heat output from the body. If the subject is completely at rest, and the experiment is conducted under standardized conditions, then what is measured is BMR." 
3, blank.bmp
"The energy cost of physical activity can be determined by measuring oxygen consumption."
"T"
 "There is a constant 20 kJ energy expenditure per L of oxygen consumed, regardless of the fuel being oxidized, so measurement of oxygen consumption provides an indirect measurement of energy expenditure."
"The energy cost of physical activity can be determined by measuring heat output from the body."
"T"
"Energy expenditure can indeed be measured directly, as heat output from the body." 
4, blank.bmp
"The energy cost of physical activity can be determined by measuring carbon dioxide production during the activity."
"F"
"There is a constant amount of energy expenditure per L of oxygen consumed, but the amount of carbon dioxide produced per L of oxygen consumed depends on the mixture of fuels being oxidized. Simple measurement of carbon dioxide production will not permit estimation of energy expenditure over a short time."
"The energy cost of physical activity can be determined by measuring respiratory quotient (RQ) production during the activity."
"F"
"There is a constant amount of energy expenditure per L of oxygen consumed, but the RQ (the amount of carbon dioxide produced per L of oxygen consumed) depends on the mixture of fuels being oxidized. Simple measurement of RQ will not permit estimation of energy expenditure over a short time." 
5, blank.bmp
"BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is the energy expenditure by the body at rest, measured under standardized conditions."
"T"
"This is the definition of BMR - energy expenditure awake, but completely at rest, and under standardized conditions of thermal neutrality."
"In order to measure BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), the subject must be under conditions of thermal neutrality."
"T"
"The subject must not be expending energy in order to keep warm or cool down, so s/he must be maintained under conditions of thermal neutrality for measurement of BMR." 
6, blank.bmp
"Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is the energy expenditure of the body at rest, but not measured under conditions of strictly controlled temperature."
"T"
"RMR is effectively the same as BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), but the measurement is not made under conditions of thermal neutrality."
"Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is the energy expenditure of the body when asleep."
"F"
"RMR is effectively the same as BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), but the measurement is not made under conditions of thermal neutrality. The subject must be completely at rest, but awake, because some people show an increase in metabolic rate while asleep, and others a decrease." 
7, blank.bmp
"Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) is the energy cost of physical activity expressed as a multiple of BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)."
"T"
"Expressing the energy cost of activity as a multiple of BMR in this way permits comparison of people of different body size and with different BMR."
"Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) is the energy cost of physical activity throughout the day."
"F"
"Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) is the energy cost of physical activity expressed as a multiple of BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)." 
8, blank.bmp
"Physical Activity Level (PAL) is the energy cost of physical activity expressed as a multiple of BMR (basal metabolic rate)."
"F"
"Physical activity level (PAL) is the sum of Physical Activity Ratios for different activities throughout the day, multiplied by the time spent in each activity, expressed as a multiple of BMR."
"Physical activity level (PAL) is the sum of Physical Activity Ratios for different activities throughout the day, multiplied by the time spent in each activity, expressed as a multiple of BMR."
"T"
"Expressing the energy cost of activity as a multiple of BMR in this way permits comparison of people of different body size and with different BMR." 
9, blank.bmp
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) depends on body weight and physical activity."
"F"
"BMR is measured at rest, so physical activity is not relevant. BMR does indeed depend on body weight."
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) depends on body weight."
"T"
"BMR is the energy cost of maintaining physical and chemical homeostasis in the body, so it does indeed depend on body weight." 
10, blank.bmp
"Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) depends on body weight and body fat content."
"T"
"Although adipose tissue is mainly triacylglycerol, it is still metabolically active, and therefore makes a small contribution to BMR."
"Adipose tissue does not contribute to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR.)
"F"
"Although adipose tissue is mainly triacylglycerol, it is still metabolically active, and therefore makes a small contribution to BMR." 
11, blank.bmp
"Women have a lower BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) than men of the same body weight because they have a greater proportion of lean tissue."
"F"
"Women have a greater proportion of body weight as adipose tissue, and therefore a lower proportion as lean tissue, than do men. Adipose tissue makes a smaller contribution to BMR than do muscle and other tissues."
"Women have a lower BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) than men of the same body weight because they have a greater proportion of adipose tissue."
"T"
"Women have a greater proportion of body weight as adipose tissue, and therefore a lower proportion as lean tissue, than do men. Adipose tissue makes a smaller contribution to BMR than do muscle and other tissues." 
12, blank.bmp
"BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) decreases with age, even if weight remains constant, because older people have a greater proportion of adipose tissue than do younger people."
"T"
"Older people have a greater proportion of body weight as adipose tissue, and therefore a lower proportion as lean tissue, than do younger people. Adipose tissue makes a smaller contribution to BMR than do muscle and other tissues."
"BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) decreases with age, even if weight remains constant, because older people have a greater proportion of lean tissue than do younger people."
"F"
"Older people have a greater proportion of body weight as adipose tissue, and therefore a lower proportion as lean tissue, than do younger people. Adipose tissue makes a smaller contribution to BMR than do muscle and other tissues." 
13, blank.bmp
"The Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) for a given activity depends on the time spent in the activity."
"F"
"PAR is the energy cost of an activity expressed as a multiple of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), and is therefore independent of time."
"The Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) for a given activity depends on the subject's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)."
"F"
"PAR is the energy cost of an activity expressed as a multiple of the subject's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), and is therefore independent the value of his or her BMR." 
14, blank.bmp
"The Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) for a given activity depends on the subject's body weight."
"T"
"The energy cost of moving a heavier body is greater, so the energy cost of physical activity increases with body weight. Although Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) also increases with increasing body weight, this is a smaller increase than the increase in the energy cost of activity. PAR is the energy cost of activity expressed as a multiple of BMR, so PAR for a given activity increases with increasing body weight."
"The Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) for a given activity does not depend on the subject's body weight."
"F"
"The energy cost of moving a heavier body is greater, so the energy cost of physical activity increases with body weight. Although Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) also increases with increasing body weight, this is a smaller increase than the increase in the energy cost of activity. PAR is the energy cost of activity expressed as a multiple of BMR, so PAR for a given activity increases with increasing body weight." 
15, blank.bmp
"There is an increase in metabolic rate after a meal because of the synthesis of metabolic fuel reserves."
"T"
"This so-called diet-induced thermogenesis may amount to 10% or more of the energy yield of a meal, because of the high energy cost of synthesizing tissues reserves of glycogen, triacylglycerol and protein."
"There is a decrease in metabolic rate after a meal because of the energy cost of synthesizing metabolic fuel reserves."
"F"
"There is an increase in metabolic rate after a meal. This is diet-induced thermogenesis; it may amount to 10% or more of the energy yield of a meal, because of the high energy cost of synthesizing tissues reserves of glycogen, triacylglycerol and protein." 
16, blank.bmp
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure."
"T"
"This is the definition of a metabolic balance - the simple difference between intake and output."
"Energy balance is the ratio of energy intake from food / energy expenditure."
"F"
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure. This is the definition of any metabolic balance - the simple difference between intake and output." 
17, wtgain.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject whose energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. This subject will be in negative energy balance."
"F"
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure; a negative balance means that intake is less than expenditure - this subject is in positive balance and is gaining body weight."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject whose energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. This subject will be in positive energy balance."
"T"
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure; a positive balance means that intake is greater than expenditure - this subject is indeed in positive balance and is gaining body weight." 
18, wtloss.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject whose energy intake is less than energy expenditure. This subject will be in negative energy balance."
"T"
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure; a negative balance means that intake is less than expenditure - this subject is indeed in negative balance and is losing body weight."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject whose energy intake is less than energy expenditure. This subject will be in positive energy balance."
"F"
"Energy balance is the difference between energy intake in food and energy expenditure; a negative balance means that intake is less than expenditure - this subject is in negative balance and is losing body weight." 
19, wtgain.bmp
"Adipose tissue consists of 80% triacylglycerol (37 kJ /g) and 15% protein (17 kJ /g). This means that you can calculate a theoretical gain in body weight (as adipose tissue) of 33 g /MJ excess intake / day."
"T"
"This is a theoretical maximum rate of gain of adipose tissue, and ignores the cost of synthesizing the triacylglycerol for storage."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is that as more food is eaten so there is a greater energy cost of synthesizing adipose tissue triacylglycerol."
"T"
"As more food is eaten, so there is a greater cost of storing the excess, mainly as triacylglycerol." 
20, wtgain.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is that protein synthesis increases when there is an abundant supply of metabolic fuel."
"T"
"Protein synthesis is energy-expensive, and as energy intake increases, so there is an increased rate of protein synthesis."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is that protein synthesis decreases when there is an abundant supply of metabolic fuel."
"F"
"Protein synthesis is energy-expensive, and as energy intake increases, so there is an increased rate of protein synthesis." 
21, wtgain.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is that Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) increases with increasing body weight, so there is a greater requirement for energy for maintenance."
"T"
"BMR does indeed increase with increasing body weight, and therefore a person with a heavier body will have a higher energy requirement, not only for maintenance, but also because the energy cost of physical activity increases with increasing BMR." 
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is that Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) decreases with increasing body weight, so there is a lesser requirement for energy for maintenance."
"F"
"BMR increases with increasing body weight, and therefore a person with a heavier body will have a higher energy requirement, not only for maintenance, but also because the energy cost of physical activity increases with increasing BMR." 
22, wtgain.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight increases so there is a greater energy cost of physical activity."
"T"
"As body weight increases, so the energy cost of moving the body increases. This means that a heavier person has a greater energy requirement for the same level of physical activity than a lighter person."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight gain for a subject who is consuming more energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight gain over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight increases so there is a lower energy cost of physical activity."
"F"
"As body weight increases, so the energy cost of moving the body increases. This means that a heavier person has a greater energy requirement for the same level of physical activity than a lighter person." 
23, wtloss.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject who is consuming less energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight loss over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight decreases so there is a lower energy cost of physical activity."
"T"
"As body weight decreases, so the energy cost of moving the body decreases. This means that a lighter person has a lower energy requirement for the same level of physical activity than a heavier person."
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject who is consuming less energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight loss over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight decreases so there is a greater energy cost of physical activity."
"F"
"As body weight decreases, so the energy cost of moving the body decreases. This means that a lighter person has a lower energy requirement for the same level of physical activity than a heavier person." 
24, wtloss.bmp
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject who is consuming less energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight loss over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight decreases the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) falls."
"T"
"BMR decreases with decreasing body weight, and therefore a person with a lighter body will have a lower energy requirement, not only for maintenance, but also because the energy cost of physical activity decreases with decreasing BMR." 
"The blue line shows the theoretical weight loss for a subject who is consuming less energy from food than his/her energy expenditure. The red line shows the observed weight loss over several weeks. Part of the explanation for the difference is as body weight decreases the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) increases."
"F"
"BMR decreases with decreasing body weight, and therefore a person with a lighter body will have a lower energy requirement, not only for maintenance, but also because the energy cost of physical activity decreases with decreasing BMR." 
25, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about twice as likely to die from coronary heart disease as lean people."
"T"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from coronary heart disease of 2.1 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are only about half as likely to die from coronary heart disease as lean people."
"F"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from coronary heart disease of 2.1 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
26, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 4 - 5 times more likely to die from cancer than lean people."
"T"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from cancer of 4.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from cancer than lean people."
"F"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from cancer of 4.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
27, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 5 - 6 times more likely to die from diabetes mellitus than lean people."
"T"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from diabetes mellitus of 5.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from diabetes mellitus than lean people."
"F"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from diabetes mellitus of 5.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
28, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 3 - 4 times more likely to die from gastro-intestinal and digestive diseases than lean people."
"T"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from gastro-intestinal and digestive diseases of 3.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from gastro-intestinal and digestive diseases than lean people."
"F"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from gastro-intestinal and digestive diseases of 3.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
29, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 1.5 times more likely to die from cerebrovascular diseases and stroke than lean people."
"T"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from cerebrovascular diseases and stroke of 1.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from cerebrovascular diseases and stroke than lean people."
"F"
"In the study that produced the graph shown here, people who were 40% over the average weight of the group at the start of the study had a relative mortality from cerebrovascular diseases and stroke of 1.5 compared with those between 90 - 110 percent of the average weight of the group."
30, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 3 times more likely to die from road traffic accidents than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die in road traffic accidents than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from road traffic accidents than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die in road traffic accidents than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
31, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 3 times more likely to die from violent causes (ie murder) than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from violent causes (ie murder) than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from violent causes (ie murder) than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from violent causes (ie murder) than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
32, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 4 times more likely to die from suicide than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from suicide than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from suicide than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from suicide than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
33, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 3 times more likely to die from asbestosis than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from asbestosis than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from asbestosis than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from asbestosis than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
34, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 6 times more likely to die from rheumatic heart disease than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from rheumatic heart disease than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from rheumatic heart disease than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from rheumatic heart disease than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
35, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 6 times more likely to die from HIV / AIDS than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from HIV / AIDS than lean people. However, people with AIDS will have a better life expectancy if they have a good body weight - one of the problems of AIDS is cachexia."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from HIV / AIDS than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from HIV / AIDS than lean people. However, people with AIDS will have a better life expectancy if they have a good body weight - one of the problems of AIDS is cachexia."
36, obmort.bmp
"The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. Obese people are about 6 times more likely to die from infectious mononucleosis than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from infectious mononucleosis than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
 "The graph shows the considerable increase in premature mortality from all causes with obesity. However, obese people are very much less likely to die from infectious mononucleosis than lean people."
"F"
"There is no evidence that obese people are any more or less likely to die from infectious mononucleosis than lean people. Nor is there any reason to expect that they would."
37, blank.bmp
"The distribution of body fat is unimportant - obesity is always a health hazard, whether it is abdominal or hip-thigh obesity."
"F"
"Abdominal obesity is associated with considerably greater health risks than lower body segment (hip-thigh) obesity."
"Abdominal obesity is associated with considerably greater health risks than lower body segment (hip-thigh) obesity."
"T"
"The male or 'apple shape' pattern of obesity is associated with considerably greater health risks than the female or 'pear shape' pattern of obesity."
38, blank.bmp
"Abdominal obesity is associated with a lower risk of developing diabetes mellitus than is hip-thigh obesity."
"F"
"The male or 'apple shape' pattern of obesity, abdominal obesity, is associated with a considerably greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus than the female or 'pear shape' pattern of obesity."
"Hip-thigh obesity is associated with a lower risk of developing diabetes mellitus than is abdominal obesity."
"T"
"The male or 'apple shape' pattern of obesity, abdominal obesity, is associated with a considerably greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus than the female or 'pear shape' pattern of obesity."
39, blank.bmp
"Statistically, obese men are considerably more at risk of developing coronary heart disease than are obese women, but if the data are corrected for waist : hip ratio then the gender difference more or less disappears."
"T"
"The male or 'apple shape' pattern of obesity, abdominal obesity, is associated with a considerably greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than the female or 'pear shape' pattern of obesity."
"Statistically, obese women are considerably more at risk of developing coronary heart disease than are obese men, but if the data are corrected for waist : hip ratio then the gender difference more or less disappears."
"F"
"The male or 'apple shape' pattern of obesity, abdominal obesity, is associated with a considerably greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than the female or 'pear shape' pattern of obesity."
40, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by weighing the body in air and in water."
"T"
"Although it is not a routine technique, for obvious reasons, the proportion of fat in the body can readily be determined by weighing in air and submerged under water, in order to calculate the density of the body. Fat is lighter than lean tissue."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by weighing the body in air and suspended from a spring."
"F"
"This is nonsense. However, the proportion of fat in the body can readily be determined by weighing in air and submerged under water, in order to calculate the density of the body. Fat is lighter than lean tissue."
41, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by electrical conductivity of the body because fat is a non-conductor, while lean tissue contains electrolytes and conducts an electric current."
"T"
"The electrolytes in lean tissue will indeed conduct an electric current, whereas the triacylglycerol in adipose tissue does not, so electrical conductivity of the body provides an estimate of fat content."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by electrical conductivity of the body because fat is conducts an electric current, while lean tissue does not."
"F"
"The electrolytes in lean tissue will conduct an electric current, whereas the triacylglycerol in adipose tissue does not, so electrical conductivity of the body provides an estimate of fat content."
42, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by the electrical impedance of the body because fat is a non-conductor, while lean tissue contains electrolytes and conducts an electric current."
"T"
"Measurement of electrical impedance (or resistance to an alternating current) provides an index of body fat content because the electrolytes in lean tissue will conduct an electric current, whereas the triacylglycerol in adipose tissue does not."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by the electrical impedance of the body because fat conducts an electric current, while lean tissue does not."
"F"
"Measurement of electrical impedance (or resistance to an alternating current) provides an index of body fat content because the electrolytes in lean tissue will conduct an electric current, whereas the triacylglycerol in adipose tissue does not."
43, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by measurement of naturally occurring radioactive potassium (40K) because fat contains no potassium, whereas lean tissue does."
"T"
"Measurement of total body potassium by measurement of naturally occurring 40K does indeed provide an estimate of the relative amounts of lean tissue and fat, because there is no potassium in triacylglycerol."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by measurement of naturally occurring radioactive potassium (40K) because lean tissue contains no potassium, whereas fat does."
"F"
"Measurement of total body potassium by measurement of naturally occurring 40K provides an estimate of the relative amounts of lean tissue and fat, because there is no potassium in triacylglycerol, but there is a reasonably constant amount of potassium in lean tissue."
44, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by measurement of radioactive potassium (40K) after exposure to a source of gamma-rays, because fat contains no potassium, whereas lean tissue does."
"F"
"What is measured is the naturally occurring radioactive potassium 40, which is a gamma emitter; the subject is not exposed to a source of radiation in order to produce radioactive isotopes."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of body fat determined by measurement of radioactive potassium (40K) after exposure to a source of X-rays, because fat contains no potassium, whereas lean tissue does."
"F"
"What is measured is the naturally occurring radioactive potassium 40, which is a gamma emitter; the subject is not exposed to a source of radiation in order to produce radioactive isotopes."
45, blank.bmp
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of total body water because adipose tissue contains more water than lean tissue."
"F"
"Adipose tissue contains less water than lean tissue, and triacylglycerol (the fat reserves in adipose tissue) contains none at all. Therefore the proportion of body weight that is accounted for by water provides an estimate of the relative proportions of fat and lean tissue."
"Obesity can be assessed by measurement of total body water because adipose tissue contains less water than lean tissue."
"T"
"Adipose tissue contains less water than lean tissue, and triacylglycerol (the fat reserves in adipose tissue) contains none at all. Therefore the proportion of body weight that is accounted for by water provides an estimate of the relative proportions of fat and lean tissue."
46, blank.bmp
"X-ray and ultrasound imaging techniques can be used to estimate both the total body content of fat and also its distribution."
"T"
"Fat, bone and lean tissue absorb X-rays and ultrasound to different extents, and therefore imaging can indeed be used to estimate both the total body content of adipose tissue and also its distribution."
"X-ray and ultrasound imaging techniques cannot be used to estimate the total body content of fat or its distribution."
"F"
"Fat, bone and lean tissue absorb X-rays and ultrasound to different extents, and therefore imaging can indeed be used to estimate both the total body content of adipose tissue and also its distribution."
47, blank.bmp
"Measurement of skinfold thickness provides an estimate of total body fat and can be used to assess obesity."
"T"
"Estimation of sub-cutaneous fat by measurement of skinfold thickness (preferably using the mean of four defined sites) does indeed provide an estimate of total body fat, and hence provides a means of assessing obesity. Indeed, this is the most commonly used method."
"Measurement of skinfold thickness only provides an estimate of sub-cutaneous fat, and therefore cannot be used to assess obesity."
"F"
"Estimation of sub-cutaneous fat by measurement of skinfold thickness (preferably using the mean of four defined sites) provides (an indirect) estimate of total body fat, and hence does indeed provide a means of assessing obesity. Indeed, this is the most commonly used method."
48, blank.bmp
"A mean skinfold thickness > ~10 mm in men or > ~22 mm in women is indicative of excess body fat."
"T"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness above this range indicates excessive body fat."
"A mean skinfold thickness < ~10 mm in men or < ~22 mm in women is indicative of excess body fat."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness above this range indicates excessive body fat."
49, blank.bmp
"A mean skinfold thickness > ~3 mm in men or > ~10 mm in women is indicative of excess body fat."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness above this range indicates excessive body fat."
"A mean skinfold thickness < ~3 mm in men or < ~10 mm in women is indicative of excess body fat."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness above this range indicates excessive body fat."
50, blank.bmp
"A mean skinfold thickness > ~3 mm in men or > ~10 mm in women is indicative of inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness below this range indicates inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
"A mean skinfold thickness < ~3 mm in men or < ~10 mm in women is indicative of inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
"T"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness below this range indicates inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
51, blank.bmp
"A mean skinfold thickness > ~10 mm in men or > ~22 mm in women is indicative of inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness below this range indicates inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition. A mean skinfold thickness above this range indicates excessive fat reserves and hence overweight or obesity."
"A mean skinfold thickness < ~10 mm in men or < ~22 mm in women is indicative of inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
"F"
"The approximate desirable ranges of skinfold thickness at 3 - 10 mm in men and 10 - 22 mm in women. A mean skinfold thickness below this range indicates inadequate fat reserves and hence undernutrition."
52, blank.bmp
"Because anaesthetic agents are lipid soluble, it is easier to control the dose of anaesthetic in obese patients undergoing surgery."
"F"
"Because anaesthetic agents are lipid soluble a high proportion of body fat will provide a buffer of anaesthetic, making it very much more difficult to control the degree of anaesthesia. Obese patients are at considerably greater risk when undergoing surgery than are lean people."
"Because anaesthetic agents are lipid soluble, it is harder to control the dose of anaesthetic in obese patients undergoing surgery."
"T"
"Because anaesthetic agents are lipid soluble a high proportion of body fat will provide a buffer of anaesthetic, making it very much more difficult to control the degree of anaesthesia. Obese patients are at considerably greater risk when undergoing surgery than are lean people."
53, blank.bmp
"Obesity impairs lung function, so obese patients are more at risk during surgery than are lean people."
"T"
"Obese people suffer from considerably impaired lung function; total lung capacity may be only 60% of that in lean people, so they are indeed at considerably greater risk during surgery than are lean people."
"Obesity does not affect lung function, so obese patients are no more at risk during surgery than are lean people."
"F"
"Obese people suffer from considerably impaired lung function; total lung capacity may be only 60% of that in lean people, so they are at considerably greater risk during surgery than are lean people."
54, obese.bmp
"One of the causes of the increase in obesity in western countries over the last two decades is a low level of physical activity."
"T"
"The average Physical Activity Level in Britain is 1.4 x BMR, compared with a desirable level of 1.7; indeed only 22% of men and 13% of women in Britain achieve the desirable level of physical activity. There is evidence that average physical activity has fallen over the same period as obesity has increased, while food consumption has not increased significantly."
"One of the causes of the increase in obesity in western countries over the last two decades is a high level of physical activity."
"F"
"A high level of physical activity will increase energy expenditure, and hence contribute to weight loss, not weight gain and obesity. The average Physical Activity Level in Britain is 1.4 x BMR, compared with a desirable level of 1.7; indeed only 22% of men and 13% of women in Britain achieve the desirable level of physical activity. There is evidence that average physical activity has fallen over the same period as obesity has increased, while food consumption has not increased significantly."
55, blank.bmp
"People whose metabolic rate falls while they are asleep are more likely to become overweight or obese than those whose metabolic rate does not change in sleep."
"T"
"Some people are 'energy efficient' and their metabolic rate falls in sleep, so that their energy expenditure is lower. This means that they are indeed more likely to gain weight."
"People whose metabolic rate falls while they are asleep are less likely to become overweight or obese than those whose metabolic rate does not change in sleep."
"F"
"Some people are 'energy efficient' and their metabolic rate falls in sleep, so that their energy expenditure is lower. This means that they are more likely to gain weight."
56, blank.bmp
"People whose metabolic rate increases while they are asleep are less likely to become overweight or obese than those whose metabolic rate does not change in sleep."
"T"
"Some people have a relatively large increase in metabolic rate when they are asleep; this increases their total energy expenditure, so they are indeed less likely to gain weight."
"People whose metabolic rate increases while they are asleep are more likely to become overweight or obese than those whose metabolic rate does not change in sleep."
"F"
"Some people have a relatively large increase in metabolic rate when they are asleep; this increases their total energy expenditure, so they are less likely to gain weight."
57, blank.bmp
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins leads to an increase in energy expenditure and may be a cause of obesity."
"F"
"Increased energy expenditure as a result of increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins will result in increased utilization of fuel reserves, and so be a factor in preventing obesity."
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins leads to an increase in energy expenditure and may be protective against the development of obesity."
"T"
"Increased energy expenditure as a result of increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins will result in increased utilization of fuel reserves, and so be a factor in preventing obesity."
58, blank.bmp
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins leads to a reduction in energy expenditure and may be a cause of obesity."
"F"
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins will result in increased energy expenditure and hence an increased utilization of fuel reserves, and so be a factor in preventing obesity."
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins leads to a reduction in energy expenditure and may be protective against the development of obesity."
"F"
"Increased activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins will result in increased energy expenditure and hence an increased utilization of fuel reserves."
59, blank.bmp
"Leptin secreted by adipose tissue signals the total body content of fat reserves, and acts to reduce long-term food intake." 
"T"
"Leptin controls both appetite and also energy expenditure. The total amount of leptin secreted reflects the total body content of adipose tissue, and in response to a higher concentration of circulating leptin there is a reduction in appetite and an increase in metabolic activity."
"Leptin secreted by adipose tissue signals the total body content of fat reserves, and acts to increase long-term food intake." 
"F"
"Leptin controls both appetite and also energy expenditure. The total amount of leptin secreted reflects the total body content of adipose tissue, and in response to a higher concentration of circulating leptin there is a reduction in appetite and an increase in metabolic activity."
60, blank.bmp
"Leptin secreted by adipose tissue signals the total body content of fat reserves, and acts to increase metabolic activity and total energy expenditure." 
"T"
"Leptin controls both appetite and also energy expenditure. The total amount of leptin secreted reflects the total body content of adipose tissue, and in response to a higher concentration of circulating leptin there is a reduction in appetite and an increase in metabolic activity."
"Leptin secreted by adipose tissue signals the total body content of fat reserves, and acts to reduce metabolic activity and total energy expenditure." 
 "F"
"Leptin controls both appetite and also energy expenditure. The total amount of leptin secreted reflects the total body content of adipose tissue, and in response to a higher concentration of circulating leptin there is a reduction in appetite and an increase in metabolic activity."
61, blank.bmp
"Most obese people have a higher circulating concentration of leptin than do lean people."
"T"
"Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue, and the more adipose tissue there is in the body, the more leptin will be secreted. This means that obese people do indeed have a higher circulating concentration of leptin than lean people (although a very few people are known whose obesity is due to a failure to secrete leptin). The problem in most obese people is a reduced sensitivity to leptin as a result of lower leptin receptor activity."
"Most obese people have a lower circulating concentration of leptin than do lean people."
"F"
"Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue, and the more adipose tissue there is in the body, the more leptin will be secreted. This means that obese people have a higher circulating concentration of leptin than lean people (although a very few people are known whose obesity is due to a failure to secrete leptin). The problem in most obese people is a reduced sensitivity to leptin as a result of lower leptin receptor activity."
62, blank.bmp
"Specially formulated very low energy diets, providing 1 - 1.5 MJ per day, permit rapid weight loss with less loss of muscle protein than occurs in total starvation."
"T"
"Provision of a modest amount of carbohydrate and protein will reduce the requirement for gluconeogenesis from amino acids, and hence reduce the loss of muscle protein compared with starvation."
"Specially formulated very low energy diets, providing 1 - 1.5 MJ per day, permit rapid weight loss but there is more loss of muscle protein than occurs in total starvation."
"F"
"Provision of a modest amount of carbohydrate and protein will reduce the requirement for gluconeogenesis from amino acids, and hence reduce the loss of muscle protein compared with starvation."
63, blank.bmp
"Specially formulated very low energy diets, providing 1 - 1.5 MJ per day, permit a sustained weight loss of more than 4 kg per week."
"F"
"Although there may be a rapid weight loss during the first week, as glycogen reserves are depleted and the water associated with glycogen is lost from the body, this cannot be sustained, and the maximum possible sustained rate of weight loss is 2 - 2.5 kg / week. You can calculate this from the composition of adipose tissue and its energy yield of 30 MJ / kg adipose tissue."
"Specially formulated very low energy diets, providing 1 - 1.5 MJ per day, will not permit a sustained weight loss of more than 2 - 2.5 kg per week."
"T"
"Although there may be a rapid weight loss during the first week, as glycogen reserves are depleted and the water associated with glycogen is lost from the body, this cannot be sustained, and the maximum possible sustained rate of weight loss is 2 - 2.5 kg / week. You can calculate this from the composition of adipose tissue and its energy yield of 30 MJ / kg adipose tissue."
64, blank.bmp
"A high intake of non-starch polysaccharides (a high fibre diet) is helpful in weight-reducing regimes."
"T"
"A relatively high intake of non-starch polysaccharides provides a sensation of satiety, and so prevents the feeing of hunger associated with most weight-reducing diet regimes."
"A high intake of non-starch polysaccharides (a high fibre diet) will result in increased weight gain."
"F"
"A relatively high intake of non-starch polysaccharides provides a sensation of satiety, and so prevents the feeing of hunger associated with most weight-reducing diet regimes. This means that people who have a high intake of fibre-rich foods are likely to consume less energy-dense foods and so be less likely to gain weight. "
65, blank.bmp
"Eating protein at one meal and carbohydrate at another will help weight reduction."
"F"
"There is no scientific basis for this. Furthermore, there are almost no foods that are purely protein or carbohydrate. Starchy foods such as rice, pasta and potatoes provide 7 - 15% of energy from protein."
"Eating protein at one meal and carbohydrate at another will help weight reduction."
"F"
"There is no scientific basis for this. Furthermore, there are almost no foods that are purely protein or carbohydrate. Starchy foods such as rice, pasta and potatoes provide 7 - 15% of energy from protein."
66, blank.bmp
"Slimming patches containing seaweed extract as a source of iodine are a useful aid to weight reduction."
"F"
"Although people who have reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones because of iodine deficiency have a low metabolic rate and gain weight, there is no evidence that additional iodine will increase metabolic rate in people who have normal thyroid function. Furthermore, the amount of iodine available from so-called 'slimming patches' is negligible. There is no evidence that they are at all effective."
"Slimming patches containing seaweed extract as a source of iodine are an effective way of losing weight because they cause an increase metabolic rate."
"F"
"Although people who have reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones because of iodine deficiency have a low metabolic rate and gain weight, there is no evidence that additional iodine will increase metabolic rate in people who have normal thyroid function. Furthermore, the amount of iodine available from so-called 'slimming patches' is negligible. There is no evidence that they are at all effective."
67, blank.bmp
"Synthetic sweeteners are a useful aid to weight reduction."
"T"
"A teaspoon of sugar is 5 g of carbohydrate and so yields 80 kJ. Average consumption of sugar in beverages may thus amount to almost 10% of daily energy intake. Replacing this with a non-nutritive sweetener will therefore be a useful aid to reduce energy intake and so help weight reduction."
"Synthetic sweeteners are useless as an aid to weight reduction."
"F"
"A teaspoon of sugar is 5 g of carbohydrate and so yields 80 kJ. Average consumption of sugar in beverages may thus amount to almost 10% of daily energy intake. Replacing this with a non-nutritive sweetener will therefore be a useful aid to reduce energy intake and so help weight reduction."
68, blank.bmp
"Starch blockers, which inhibit the action of amylase, are a useful aid to weight reduction."
"F"
"There is no evidence that these compounds have any useful effect, and none has been licensed for pharmaceutical use."
"Lipase inhibitors, which reduce the hydrolysis of dietary lipids, are a useful aid to weight reduction."
"T"
"Although the side effects of undigested fat in the gastro-intestinal tract are unpleasant, lipase inhibitors are indeed effective as an aid to weight reduction, and have been licensed for pharmaceutical use."
-999
Copyright David A Bender 2002
