1, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"F"
"This would be a prospective study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"T"
"Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
2, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study people suffering from the disease of interest are compared with those who are free from the disease."
"F"
"This would be a case-control study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"F"
"This would be a migrant study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
3, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with differences in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a correlation study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to examine secular changes in diet and disease incidence. In such a study the effect of giving a nutritional supplement to one group of people is compared with a control group given a placebo."
"F"
"This would be an intervention study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
4, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"T"
"In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a study of secular changes. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
5, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"F"
"This would be a migrant study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with differences in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a correlation study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
6, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"F"
"This would be an intervention study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a case-control study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"F"
"This would be a prospective study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
7, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"F"
"This would be a case-control study. In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a study of secular changes. In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
8, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"F"
"This would be a migrant study. In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"T"
"In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
9, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study the effect of giving a nutritional supplement to one group of people is compared with a control group given a placebo."
"F"
"This would be an intervention study. In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a correlation study. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"F"
"This would be a prospective study. In a correlation study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
10, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"F"
"This would be a case-control study. In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other)| factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a study of secular changes. In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other)| factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
11, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"T"
"In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other)factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a correlation study. In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other) factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
12, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study the effect of giving a nutritional supplement to one group of people is compared with a control group given a placebo."
"F"
"This would be an intervention study. In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other)factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a migrant study. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"F"
"This would be a prospective study. In a migrant study people who have migrated from one country to another are compared with their relatives in their country of origin and the native population of their adopted country in order to attempt to identify dietary (and other)factors that may explain differences in disease incidence." 
13, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"T"
"In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a study of secular changes. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
14, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"F"
"This would be a migrant study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with differences in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a correlation study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
15, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study the effect of giving a nutritional supplement to one group of people is compared with a control group given a placebo."
"F"
"This would be an intervention study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform a prospective study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"F"
"This would be a case-control study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
16, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"F"
"This would be a prospective study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study changes in diet are compared with disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a study of secular changes. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
17, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study people who have moved from one country to another are compared with their relatives at home and the native population of their country of adoption."
"F"
"This would be a migrant study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study dietary patterns and disease incidence in different countries are compared in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"F"
"This would be a correlation study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
18, blank.bmp
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study the effect of giving a nutritional supplement to one group of people is compared with a control group given a placebo."
"T"
"In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
"One way of gathering evidence linking diet and diseases of affluence is to perform an intervention study. In such a study people with and without the disease of interest are matched for as many factors as possible, and their diets compared."
"F"
"This would be a case-control study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
19, wales1.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of a secular study."
"T"
"Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence." 
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of a migrant study."
"F"
"This is a secular study. In a migrant study the incidence of disease among people who have migrated from one country to another is compared with the incidence in their country of origin and among the native population of their adopted country, in order to identify dietary and other factors that may be related to the development of the disease of interest."
20, wales2.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of a case-control study."
"F"
"This is a secular study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of an intervention study."
"F"
"This is a secular study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
21, wales2.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of a prospective study."
"F"
"This is a secular study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). This is an example of a correlation study."
"F"
"This is a secular study. In a correlation study the incidence of the disease of interest in various countries is compared with dietary (or other) factors that differ from one country to another in order to identify factors that may be associated with the development of the disease."
22, fatca.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of a correlation study."
"T"
"In a correlation study the incidence of the disease of interest in various countries is compared with dietary (or other) factors that differ from one country to another in order to identify factors that may be associated with the development of the disease."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of a migrant study."
"F"
"This is a correlation study. In a migrant study the incidence of disease among people who have migrated from one country to another is compared with the incidence in their country of origin and among the native population of their adopted country, in order to identify dietary and other factors that may be related to the development of the disease of interest."
23, fatca.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of a case-control study."
"F"
"This is a correlation study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of a prospective study."
"F"
"This is a correlation study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
24, fatca.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of an intervention study."
"F"
"This is a correlation study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer compared with dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This is an example of a secular study."
"F"
"This is a correlation study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence"
25, breast.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of a migrant study."
"T"
"In a migrant study the incidence of disease among people who have migrated from one country to another is compared with the incidence in their country of origin and among the native population of their adopted country, in order to identify dietary and other factors that may be related to the development of the disease of interest."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of a correlation study."
"F"
"This is a migrant study. In a correlation study the incidence of the disease of interest in various countries is compared with dietary (or other) factors that differ from one country to another in order to identify factors that may be associated with the development of the disease."
26, breast.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of a prospective study."
"F"
"This is a migrant study. In a prospective study people are grouped according to the nutritional (or other) factor of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether there are any differences between the groups in the incidence of the disease of interest."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of a case-control study."
"F"
"This is a migrant study. In a case-control study the aim is to match people with and without the disease of interest as closely as possible, then see what dietary (or other) factors differ between the two groups, and so might give information about factors that may be important."
27, breast.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of a secular study."
"F"
"This is a migrant study. Secular means changes with time. What is done is to compare changes in diet and disease incidence over a period of time in order to see what dietary factors might be associated with changes in disease incidence."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. This is an example of an intervention study."
"F"
"This is a migrant study. In an intervention study two groups of people, matched as closely as possible for other factors are treated with either placebo or the nutrient (or other intervention) of interest, then followed for 5 - 10 years in order to see whether the treatment has any effect on disease incidence."
28, wales1.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). Over the century in question there has been an increase in saturated fat intake."
"T"
"Total fat has increased, while the proportion from unsaturated fat has decreased, so there must have been an increase in saturated fat intake."
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). The increase in cholesterol intake implies that there has been an increase in saturated fat intake."
"T"
"The dietary sources of cholesterol are also high in saturated fatty acids, so an increase in cholesterol intake means that there will also have been an increase in saturated fat intake."
29, wales1.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). Over the century in question there was a considerable increase in death from coronary heart disease. These data suggest that dietary saturated fat could be a factor in coronary heart disease."
"T"
"Total fat has increased, while the proportion of unsaturated fat has decreased, so there must have been an increase in saturated fat intake. This is also suggested by the increase in cholesterol intake. The dietary sources of cholesterol are also high in saturated fatty acids, so an increase in cholesterol intake means that there will also have been an increase in saturated fat intake."
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). Over the century in question there was an increase in fat intake; this must have been accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate intake."
"F"
"If the percentage of energy from fat has increased then the percentage from carbohydrate and / or protein must have decreased."
30, wales2.bmp
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). Over the century in question there was an increase in fat intake; this must have been accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate intake."
"F"
"If the percentage of energy from fat has increased then the percentage from carbohydrate and / or protein must have decreased. Although sugar intake increased, there was a considerable fall in starch intake."
"The diagram shows changes in diet in rural Wales between 1870 (in blue on the left of each chart) and 1970 (in red on the right of each chart). Over the century in question there was a considerable increase in coronary heart disease. These data suggest that increased fat intake or decreased fibre intake could be important."
"T"
"All that we can say from these data is that the increase in coronary heart disease occurred over the same time as fat intake increased and intake of starch and fibre decreased. While this suggests that fat and fibre may be important, it is not proof."
31, fatca.bmp
"The diagram shows the highly significant correlation between death from breast cancer and dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This proves that dietary fat is a cause of breast cancer."
"F"
"All this graph shows is that there is a relationship between fat consumption and breast cancer. It does not demonstrate cause and effect. Indeed, it is most likely that the relationship is indirect - a high fat consumption is a cause of obesity, and it is obesity, rather than fat intake itself, that is most closely associated with the development of breast cancer."
"The diagram shows the highly significant correlation between death from breast cancer and dietary fat intake in a number of countries. This means that reducing fat intake will reduce the incidence of breast cancer."
"F"
"All this graph shows is that there is a relationship between fat consumption and breast cancer. It does not demonstrate cause and effect. Indeed, it is most likely that the relationship is indirect - a high fat consumption is a cause of obesity, and it is obesity, rather than fat intake itself, that is most closely associated with the development of breast cancer. This graph certainly does not provide evidence to suggest that reducing fat intake will have any effect on the incidence of breast cancer."
32, vitE.bmp
"The diagram shows a significant negative correlation between death from coronary heart disease and plasma vitamin E. This means that vitamin E is a cause of coronary heart disease."
"F"
"Quite the contrary - a negative correlation like this suggests that vitamin E may be protective against coronary heart disease."
"The diagram shows a significant negative correlation between death from coronary heart disease and plasma vitamin E. This suggests that vitamin E may be preventive against coronary heart disease."
"T"
"Although data like these do not provide proof, they do indeed suggest that vitamin E may be protective against coronary heart disease."
33, breast.bmp
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. There may be a dietary factor in the USA that protects against, or reduces the risk of, breast cancer."
"F"
"What this diagram shows is that some environmental factor (which may be a dietary factor) is associated with a higher incidence of breast cancer, and may be causative, but certainly not protective."
"The diagram shows death from breast cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. There may be a dietary factor in the USA that causes, or increases the risk of, breast cancer."
"T"
"What this diagram shows is that some environmental factor (which may be a dietary factor) is associated with a higher incidence of breast cancer, and therefore may be causative."
34, prostate.bmp
"The diagram shows death from prostate cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. There may be a dietary factor in the USA that protects against, or reduces the risk of, prostate cancer."
"F"
"What this diagram shows is that some environmental factor (which may be a dietary factor) is associated with a higher incidence of prostate cancer, and may be causative, but certainly not protective."
"The diagram shows death from prostate cancer among Japanese and Chinese immigrants to the USA, their first degree relatives in China or Japan and the native American population of Hawaii and San Francisco. There may be a dietary factor in the USA that causes, or increases the risk of, prostate cancer."
"T"
"What this diagram shows is that some environmental factor (which may be a dietary factor) is associated with a higher incidence of prostate cancer, and therefore may be causative."
35, gastric.bmp
"The diagram shows death from gastric cancer in Poland, among Polish immigrants to Australia and among native-born Australians. There may be a dietary factor in Australia that increases the risk of developing gastric cancer."
"F"
"Quite the reverse - gastric cancer is far more prevalent in Poland than in Australia, and immigrants show an intermediate incidence. This suggests that there is a dietary or environmental factor in Poland that increases the risk of developing gastric cancer that is absent in Australia. Alternatively, there may, of course, be a protective factor in Australia that is absent from Poland."
"The diagram shows the death from gastric cancer in Poland, among Polish immigrants to Australia and among native-born Australians. There may be a dietary factor in Poland that increases the risk of developing gastric cancer."
"T"
"Gastric cancer is far more prevalent in Poland than in Australia, and immigrants show an intermediate incidence. This suggests that there is a dietary or environmental factor in Poland that increases the risk of developing gastric cancer that is absent in Australia. Alternatively, there may, of course, be a protective factor in Australia that is absent from Poland."
36, colorect.bmp
"The diagram shows death from colorectal cancer in Poland, among Polish immigrants to Australia and among native-born Australians. There may be a dietary factor in Australia that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer."
"T"
"Colorectal cancer is less common in Poland than in Australia, and the immigrants show an intermediate incidence. This suggests that there is indeed a dietary or other environmental factor in Australia that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Alternatively, of course, there may be a protective factor in Poland that is absent from Australia."
"The diagram shows death from colorectal cancer in Poland, among Polish immigrants to Australia and among native-born Australians. There may be a dietary factor in Australia that protects against colorectal cancer."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. Colorectal cancer is more common in Australia than in Poland, and the immigrants show an intermediate incidence. This suggests that there is a dietary or other environmental factor in Australia that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Alternatively, of course, there may be a protective factor in Poland that is absent from Australia."
37, casec.bmp
"The diagram shows the results of a case-control study in which the nutrient of interest was beta-carotene. The results suggest that beta-carotene is protective against various cancers."
"T"
"The results show that people with various cancers have a lower plasma concentration of beta-carotene that those who are cancer-free. This suggests that carotene may be protective - although plasma carotene may simply be a marker for some other protective factor."
"The diagram shows the results of a case-control study in which the nutrient of interest was beta-carotene. The results suggest that beta-carotene may cause cancer."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. The results show that people with various cancers have a lower plasma concentration of beta-carotene that those who are cancer-free. This suggests that carotene may be protective - although plasma carotene may simply be a marker for some other protective factor."
38, prospect.bmp
"The diagram shows the results of a prospective study of beta-carotene and cancer. The results suggest that beta-carotene is protective against various cancers."
"T"
"People who had a higher plasma concentration of beta-carotene at the start of the study were less likely to develop cancer during the study. This suggests that carotene may be protective - although plasma carotene may simply be a marker for some other protective factor."
"The diagram shows the results of a prospective study of beta-carotene and cancer. The results suggest that beta-carotene may cause cancer."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. People who had a higher plasma concentration of beta-carotene at the start of the study were less likely to develop cancer during the study. This suggests that carotene may be protective - although plasma carotene may simply be a marker for some other protective factor."
39, intervention.bmp
"The diagram shows the results of an intervention study in which people were given supplements of beta-carotene. The results suggest that beta-carotene is protective against various cancers."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. Despite suggestions from epidemiological studies that higher beta-carotene intake was associated with lower risk of developing various cancers, this study shows increased death from a variety of cancers among those people taking the (supposedly protective) supplements of beta-carotene."
"The diagram shows the results of an intervention study in which people were given supplements of beta-carotene. The results suggest that beta-carotene may increase the risk of developing cancer."
"T"
"Despite suggestions from epidemiological studies that higher beta-carotene intake was associated with lower risk of developing various cancers, this study shows increased death from a variety of cancers among those people taking the (supposedly protective) supplements of beta-carotene. This suggests that carotene may either cause cancer directly or increase the risk of developing various cancers among people at risk."
40, fish.bmp
"The diagram shows the relative risk of developing coronary heart disease among people who consume different amounts of fish. The results suggest that eating fish regularly may be protective against coronary heart disease."
"T"
"People in this study who ate even a modest amount of fish (1 - 2 fish meals per week) were about half as likely to develop coronary heart disease as those who ate almost no fish."
"The diagram shows the relative risk of developing coronary heart disease among people who consume different amounts of fish. The results suggest that eating fish may be a cause of coronary heart disease."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. People in this study who ate even a modest amount of fish (1 - 2 fish meals per week) were about half as likely to develop coronary heart disease as those who ate almost no fish. This suggests that fish may be protective against the development of coronary heart disease."
41, fish.bmp
"The diagram shows the relative risk of developing coronary heart disease among people who consume different amounts of fish. The results show that supplements of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids will protect against coronary heart disease."
"F"
"What these results show is that people who ate a modest amount of fish (1 - 2 fish meals per week) were about half as likely to develop coronary heart disease as those who ate almost no fish. While there is evidence from other studies that it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in oily fish that may be protective against the development of coronary heart disease, it is not possible to draw this conclusion from these results - there may be other factors in fish that are protective."
"The diagram shows the relative risk of developing coronary heart disease among people who consume different amounts of fish. The results show that there are antioxidants in fish that protect against coronary heart disease."
"F"
"What these results show is that people who ate a modest amount of fish (1 - 2 fish meals per week) were about half as likely to develop coronary heart disease as those who ate almost no fish. It is not possible from this study to say what might be the protective factor(s) in fish - fish is not particularly rich in antioxidants anyway, and it is more likely, although not proven by this study, that it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in oily fish that may be protective against the development of coronary heart disease."
42, drinks.bmp
"The diagram shows mortality from various causes associated with regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Consuming 3 - 4 drinks a day may be protective against coronary heart disease."
"T"
"Death from coronary heart disease is lower among people who drink in moderation than among those who do not drink at all."
"The diagram shows mortality from various causes associated with regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Consuming 3 - 4 drinks a day may be protective against cerebrovascular disease."
"F"
"While death from cerebrovascular disease is lower among people who consume 1 - 2 drinks a day than among non-drinkers, it increases sharply among people who consume more than 3 drinks a day."
43, bevers2.bmp
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Wine drinking increases death from cardiovascular disease."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is halved among people who consume 2 - 3 glasses of wine a day compared with those who do not drink wine."
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Wine drinking decreases death from cardiovascular disease."
"T"
"The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is halved among people who consume 2 - 3 glasses of wine a day compared with those who do not drink wine."
44, bevers2.bmp
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Beer drinking increases death from cardiovascular disease."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is reduced somewhat among people who consume 2 - 3 glasses of beer a day compared with those who do not drink beer."
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Beer drinking decreases death from cardiovascular disease."
"T"
"The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is reduced somewhat among people who consume 2 - 3 glasses of beer a day compared with those who do not drink beer."
45, bevers2.bmp
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Spirit drinking increases death from cardiovascular disease."
"T"
"The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is increased almost 50% among people who consume 2 - 3 measures of spirits a day compared with those who do not drink spirits."
"The diagram shows relative risk for cardiovascular disease among people who consume different alcoholic beverages. Spirit drinking decreases death from cardiovascular disease."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is increased almost 50% among people who consume 2 - 3 measures of spirits a day compared with those who do not drink spirits."
46, blank.bmp
"Free radicals may initiate cancer by causing strand breaks in DNA."
"T"
"Radical damage to DNA is indeed one of the mechanisms by which cancer is caused."
"Free radicals may cause mutations by causing strand breaks in DNA."
"T"
"Radical damage to DNA is indeed one of the mechanisms by which mutations are caused."
47, blank.bmp
"Free radicals may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis because they cause oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipoproteins."
"T"
"Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipoproteins can lead to modification of the apoproteins, resulting in impaired uptake of low density lipoprotein by the liver, and so the development of hypercholesterolaemia."
"Free radicals may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis because they cause oxidation of amino acids in plasma lipoproteins."
"T"
"Oxidation of amino acids in plasma lipoproteins result in impaired uptake of low density lipoprotein by the liver, and so the development of hypercholesterolaemia."
48, cholCHD.bmp
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A serum cholesterol concentration < 5 mmol /L is considered to indicate a high risk of developing coronary heart disease."
"F"
"Below 5 mmol /L serum cholesterol is associated with the lowest risk of developing coronary heart disease, and can be considered to be desirable."
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A serum cholesterol concentration < 5 mmol /L is considered to be desirable."
"T"
"Below 5 mmol /L serum cholesterol is associated with the lowest risk of developing coronary heart disease, and can be considered to be desirable."
49, cholCHD.bmp
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A serum cholesterol concentration > 7 mmol /L is considered to indicate a high risk of developing coronary heart disease."
"T"
"As serum cholesterol increases above 7 mmol /L there is a considerable increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. Serum cholesterol > 7 mol /L is considered to warrant dietary or drug intervention."
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A serum cholesterol concentration between 5 - 7 mmol /L is considered to indicate a high risk of developing coronary heart disease."
"F"
"As serum cholesterol increases above 7 mmol /L there is a considerable increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. Serum cholesterol > 7 mol /L is considered to warrant dietary or drug intervention. However, between 5 - 7 mmol /L there is little increase in coronary heart disease, and there is probably no need for intervention."
50, cholCHD.bmp
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A high intake of saturated fatty acids increases serum cholesterol."
"T"
"Over the normal range of intakes of saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol increases by a factor related to 2 x the saturated fatty acid intake."
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. A high intake of saturated fatty acids decreases serum cholesterol."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. Over the normal range of intakes of saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol increases by a factor related to 2 x the saturated fatty acid intake."
51, cholCHD.bmp
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. Reducing saturated fatty acid intake will lower serum cholesterol."
"T"
"Over the normal range of intakes of saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol increases by a factor related to 2 x the saturated fatty acid intake. This means that reducing saturated fatty acid intake will indeed help to lower serum cholesterol."
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. Increasing saturated fatty acid intake will lower serum cholesterol."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. Over the normal range of intakes of saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol increases by a factor related to 2 x the saturated fatty acid intake. This means that reducing saturated fatty acid intake will help to lower serum cholesterol."
52, cholCHD.bmp
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. Increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake will lower serum cholesterol."
"T"
"Over the normal range of intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol decreases in proportion to the polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. This means that increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake will indeed help to lower serum cholesterol."
"The diagram shows the relationship between death from coronary heart disease and serum cholesterol. Increasing saturated fatty acid intake will raise serum cholesterol."
"F"
"Over the normal range of intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol decreases in proportion to the polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. This means that increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake will help to lower serum cholesterol."
53, blank.bmp
"Low density lipoprotein (LDL) contains a higher proportion of cholesterol relative to other lipids than other lipoproteins."
"T"
"LDL is formed from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) by removal of triacylglycerol in peripheral tissues. As the triacylglycerol is removed, so the proportion of cholesterol in the lipoprotein increases."
"Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is synthesized in the liver and can be converted to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the circulation."
"F"
"VLDL is synthesized in the liver, and exported to provide a source of triacylglycerol and cholesterol to other tissues. As tissues remove triacylglycerol (and some cholesterol) from VLDL, so it becomes intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and then LDL." 
54, blank.bmp
"Tissues cannot take up fatty acids and cholesterol from chylomicrons until they have acquired two apo-proteins from high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation."
"T"
"Chylomicrons are assembled in the intestinal mucosa. In the circulation they acquire three proteins from HDL. Two of these activate cell surface lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, which permit tissues to take up fatty acids from chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol from chylomicron cholesteryl esters."
"Chylomicron remnants are only cleared by the liver because the chylomicrons acquire apoprotein E from high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation."
"T"
"Chylomicrons are assembled in the intestinal mucosa. In the circulation they acquire three proteins from HDL. One of these is apo-protein E, which binds to the liver receptors for receptor-mediated uptake of lipid-depleted chylomicron remnants." 
55, blank.bmp
"Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) contains both newly synthesized triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol from chylomicron remnants."
"T"
"VLDL are assembled and exported by the liver, containing both newly synthesized triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phospholipids, and also lipids salvaged from chylomicron remnants that are cleared by the liver."
"Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) transfer some of their proteins to high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation."
"T"
"As VLDL become lipid depleted in the circulation, so they transfer apoproteins C-I and C-II to HDL, becoming intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) in the process." 
56, blank.bmp
"Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) take up cholesteryl esters from high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation."
"T"
"As the IDL takes up cholesteryl esters from HDL, so it becomes low density lipoprotein (LDL), which is cleared by the liver. In this way cholesterol that has been removed from tissues by HDL is returned to the liver."
"High density lipoprotein (HDL) takes up cholesterol from peripheral tissues for return to the liver."
"T"
"In the circulation HDL transfers cholesteryl esters to intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), which becomes low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the process. LDL is then cleared by the liver." 
57, blank.bmp
"Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is cleared from the circulation by lipoprotein lipase (sometimes known as clearing factor lipase)."
"F"
"LDL is cleared from the circulation by receptor-mediated uptake into the liver. Lipoprotein lipase is an extracellular enzyme of peripheral tissues that acts to take up fatty acids from triacylglycerol in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)."
"Tissues take up fatty acids from chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein due to the action of extracellular lipoprotein lipase."
"T"
"This lipase is sometimes known as 'clearing factor lipase'. After a moderately fat-rich meal plasma is milky because of the presence of chylomicrons; as lipid is removed from the chylomicrons by lipoprotein lipase they shrink in size and no longer scatter light, so the plasma clears." 
58, blank.bmp
"Hepatic uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is regulated by the liver content of cholesterol."
"T"
"The synthesis of LDL receptors in the liver is regulated by the liver content of cholesterol."
"Genetic variants of apoprotein E in low density lipoprotein (LDL) affect hepatic uptake of LDL.
"T"
"Some genetic variants of apoprotein E have a poor affinity for the hepatic LDL receptor; this provides a basis for some of the genetic susceptibility to atherosclerosis." 
59, blank.bmp
"Chemical modification (especially oxidation) of apoprotein E in low density lipoprotein (LDL) enhances its uptake by the hepatic LDL receptor."
"F"
"Chemical modification of apoprotein E in LDL, commonly secondary to oxidative damage to the lipids in LDL, reduces its affinity for the hepatic LDL receptor, and so reduces the uptake of LDL into the liver."
"Chemical modification (especially oxidation) of apoprotein E in low density lipoprotein (LDL) impairs its uptake by the hepatic LDL receptor."
"T"
"Chemical modification of apoprotein E in LDL, commonly secondary to oxidative damage to the lipids in LDL, reduces its affinity for the hepatic LDL receptor, and so reduces the uptake of LDL into the liver." 
60, blank.bmp
"Macrophages take up low density lipoprotein (LDL) in an uncontrolled fashion."
"T"
"Unlike the hepatic uptake of LDL, which is regulated, the macrophage scavenger receptor takes up LDL (and oxidized LDL) in an uncontrolled manner. As the macrophages become lipid engorged ('foam cells') they infiltrate the blood vessel endothelium, forming fatty streaks that eventually develop into atherosclerotic plaque."
"The uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) into macrophages is regulated by the cholesterol content of the cells."
"F"
"Unlike the hepatic uptake of LDL, which is regulated, the macrophage scavenger receptor takes up LDL (and oxidized LDL) in an uncontrolled manner. As the macrophages become lipid engorged ('foam cells') they infiltrate the blood vessel endothelium, forming fatty streaks that eventually develop into atherosclerotic plaque." 
61, blank.bmp
"The function of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is to carry triacylglycerol from the liver to adipose tissue."
"F"
"This is the function of VLDL; HDL carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver, by way of transferring cholesteryl esters into low density lipoprotein (LDL), which is cleared by the liver."
"A high concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in plasma is a risk factor for atherosclerosis."
"T"
"The uptake of LDL by the liver is regulated, and oxidized LDL is poorly taken up. LDL that is not cleared by the liver is taken up by the unregulated macrophage scavenger receptor. As the macrophages become lipid engorged ('foam cells') they infiltrate the blood vessel endothelium, forming fatty streaks that eventually develop into atherosclerotic plaque." 
62, blank.bmp
"Reoxidation of reduced flavins in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a significant source of oxygen radicals."
"T"
"Some 3 - 5 percent of the 30 mol of oxygen consumed by an adult each day is converted to oxygen radicals rather than undergoing complete reduction to water in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This means that there is a daily production of about 1.5 mol of reactive oxygen species that can cause tissue damage just from the process of respiration."
"The production of oxygen radicals, and hence the risk of oxidative damage to plasma lipoproteins, is increased in infection."
"T"
"The respiratory burst of activated macrophages results in the production of oxygen and halogen radicals, as part of the cytotoxic action of macrophages against invading organisms. This increases the total body burden of radicals very significantly in infection."
63, blank.bmp
"Superoxide dismutase increases the risk of radical damage to plasma lipoproteins because it catalyses the production of the superoxide radical."
"F"
"Superoxide dismutase is part of the body's protection against radical damage - it catalyses the reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is then reduced by catalase and peroxidase."
"Superoxide dismutase decreases the risk of radical damage to plasma lipoproteins because it catalyses the removal of the superoxide radical."
"T"
"Superoxide dismutase is part of the body's protection against radical damage - it catalyses the reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is then reduced by catalase and peroxidase."
64, blank.bmp
"Protein-binding of transition metal ions increases the production of potentially damaging oxygen radicals."
"F"
"Transition metal ions in free solution undergo non-enzymic reactions that lead to the production of oxygen radicals. When the ions are bound to proteins they are unreactive, so protein binding provides protection against radical generation by transition metal ions."
"Protein-binding of transition metal ions decreases the production of potentially damaging oxygen radicals."
"T"
"Transition metal ions in free solution undergo non-enzymic reactions that lead to the production of oxygen radicals. When the ions are bound to proteins they are unreactive, so protein binding provides protection against radical generation by transition metal ions."
65, GSHpx.bmp
"Selenium is considered to be an antioxidant nutrient because it is part of the active site of glutathione peroxidase."
"T"
"Glutathione peroxidase catalyses the reduction of potentially damaging lipid peroxides to fatty acids; it is indeed a selenium-containing enzyme, and therefore selenium can be considered to be an antioxidant nutrient."
"Selenium is considered to be an antioxidant nutrient because it is part of the tripeptide glutathione."
"F"
"Glutathione is gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine - it does not contain selenium. The selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase catalyses the reduction of potentially damaging lipid peroxides to fatty acids, at the expense of oxidation of glutathione."
66, vitE.bmp
"The diagram shows a significant negative correlation between death from coronary heart disease and plasma vitamin E. Vitamin E provides protection against radical damage to plasma lipoproteins because it forms a stable radical."
"T"
"The radical that is formed when vitamin E reacts with a lipid peroxide is relatively stable, and survives long enough to undergo enzymic or non-enzymic reduction to yield non-radical products."
"The diagram shows a significant negative correlation between death from coronary heart disease and plasma vitamin E. Although vitamin E is generally considered to be an antioxidant, it may also be a pro-oxidant."
"T"
"An antioxidant such as vitamin E acts by forming a radical that is relatively stable, and survives long enough to undergo enzymic or non-enzymic reduction to yield non-radical products. This means that the radical may also survive to penetrate deeper into tissues or plasma lipoproteins and perpetuate radical damage. Any antioxidant can also have pro-oxidant actions."
67, blank.bmp
"Plant sterols and stanol esters raise serum LDL cholesterol."
"F"
"Quite the reverse. Plant sterols and stanol esters compete with cholesterol for absorption, and hence deplete body cholesterol, so that they have a cholesterol-lowering effect. They also down-regulate the activity of HMG CoA reductase, and so reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis."
"Plant sterols and stanol esters lower serum LDL cholesterol."
"T"
"Plant sterols and stanol esters compete with cholesterol for absorption, and hence deplete body cholesterol, so that they have a cholesterol-lowering effect. They also down-regulate the activity of HMG CoA reductase, and so reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis."
68, blank.bmp
"A high intake of non-starch polysaccharide will reduce serum cholesterol."
"T"
"Non-starch polysaccharide in the gut lumen binds bile salts so that they are not re-absorbed. This means that more must be synthesized from cholesterol, resulting in a lowering of total body cholesterol, and hence a lowering of LDL cholesterol."
"A high intake of non-starch polysaccharide will raise serum cholesterol."
"F"
"Non-starch polysaccharide in the gut lumen binds bile salts so that they are not re-absorbed. This means that more must be synthesized from cholesterol, resulting in a lowering of total body cholesterol, and hence a lowering of LDL cholesterol."
69, HMG.bmp
"A dietary intake of compounds synthesized from mevalonate, such as squalene, will increase LDL cholesterol because more mevalonate is now available for cholesterol synthesis."
"F"
"Compounds synthesized from mevalonate act to down-regulate the controlling enzyme of mevalonate (and hence cholesterol) synthesis; this means that they act to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and will therefore decrease LDL cholesterol."
"A dietary intake of compounds synthesized from mevalonate, such as squalene, will reduce LDL cholesterol."
"T"
"Compounds synthesized from mevalonate act to down-regulate the controlling enzyme of mevalonate (and hence cholesterol) synthesis; this means that they act to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and will therefore decrease LDL cholesterol."
70, HMG.bmp
"A dietary intake of compounds synthesized from mevalonate, such as the tocotrienols, will increase LDL cholesterol because more mevalonate is now available for cholesterol synthesis."
"F"
"Compounds synthesized from mevalonate act to down-regulate the controlling enzyme of mevalonate (and hence cholesterol) synthesis; this means that they act to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and will therefore decrease LDL cholesterol."
"A dietary intake of compounds synthesized from mevalonate, such as the tocotrienols, will reduce LDL cholesterol."
"T"
"Compounds synthesized from mevalonate act to down-regulate the controlling enzyme of mevalonate (and hence cholesterol) synthesis; this means that they act to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and will therefore decrease LDL cholesterol."
71, HMG.bmp
"A high dietary intake of cholesterol has more effect in raising LDL cholesterol than would be expected because of the control of cholesterol synthesis by HMG CoA reductase."
"F"
"HMG CoA reductase is down-regulated by cholesterol (and other products of mevalonate); this means that a high dietary intake of cholesterol will lower endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. As a result, dietary cholesterol has a relatively small effect on LDL cholesterol - over the normal range of cholesterol intakes LDL cholesterol increases in proportion to the square root of cholesterol intake."
"A high dietary intake of cholesterol has less effect in raising LDL cholesterol than would be expected because of the control of cholesterol synthesis by HMG CoA reductase."
"T"
"HMG CoA reductase is down-regulated by cholesterol (and other products of mevalonate); this means that a high dietary intake of cholesterol will lower endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. As a result, dietary cholesterol has a relatively small effect on LDL cholesterol - over the normal range of cholesterol intakes LDL cholesterol increases in proportion to the square root of cholesterol intake."
72, blank.bmp
"Glucosinolates and allyl sulphur compounds in plant foods reduce the risk of cancer by increasing the activation of potential carcinogens by phase I metabolism."
"F"
"Glucosinolinates and allyl sulphur compounds inhibit and / or repress synthesis of the enzymes involved in phase I metabolism, so reducing the formation of active metabolites of potential carcinogens."
"Glucosinolates and allyl sulphur compounds in plant foods reduce the risk of cancer by decreasing activation of potential carcinogens by phase I metabolism."
"T"
"Glucosinolinates and allyl sulphur compounds inhibit and / or repress synthesis of the enzymes involved in phase I metabolism, so reducing the formation of active metabolites of potential carcinogens."
73, blank.bmp
"Glucosinolates and allyl sulphur compounds in plant foods reduce the risk of cancer by increasing the conjugation of carcinogen metabolites by phase II metabolism."
"T"
"Glucosinolinates and allyl sulphur compounds activate and / or induce synthesis of the enzymes involved in phase II metabolism, so increasing the conjugation and excretion of active metabolites of potential carcinogens."
"Glucosinolates and allyl sulphur compounds in plant foods reduce the risk of cancer by decreasing the conjugation of carcinogen metabolites by phase II metabolism."
"F"
"Glucosinolinates and allyl sulphur compounds activate and / or induce synthesis of the enzymes involved in phase II metabolism, so increasing the conjugation and excretion of active metabolites of potential carcinogens."
74, blank.bmp
"Oestrogenic compounds from plant foods (phyto-oestrogens) may increase the risk of developing breast and uterus cancer."
"F"
"Phyto-oestrogens are weakly oestrogenic, and compete with oestradiol, so that, if anything, they reduce the risk of developing breast and uterus cancer."
"Oestrogenic compounds from plant foods (phyto-oestrogens) may decrease the risk of developing breast and uterus cancer."
"T"
"Phyto-oestrogens are weakly oestrogenic, and compete with oestradiol, so that, if anything, they reduce the risk of developing breast and uterus cancer."
-999
Copyright David A Bender 2002

